![]() ![]() This is especially the case in species with long persisting groups where research has been limited to describing the longevity (Woodroffe et al., 2020) or between-season survival of groups (Pillay & Rymer, 2017). As a result, the persistence of breeding groups (group “longevity”) will also have important effects on the indirect fitness of individuals through the maintenance of their lineage (Akçay & Cleve, 2016).Ĭurrently, relatively few studies of social vertebrates have explored the variation in the persistence of groups, and we know little about the factors that influence their susceptibility to failure. Therefore, successive breeding females are often closely related and matrilineal connections between successive breeding females can persist for several years (Duncan et al., 2018 Pope, 2000). Moreover, in many social mammals, subordinate females inherit breeding positions in their natal group from their mother. ![]() Contrasts in the characteristics, persistence, and productivity of groups can influence the direct fitness of group members (Lardy et al., 2015 Rood, 1990). Groups often vary in productivity and persistence and can last for several decades or longer (Alberts & Altmann, 2012 Moss & Lee, 2011). In social animals, the dynamics of groups can exert considerable influence on the fitness of their members (Riehl, 2011 Woodroffe et al., 2020) and the demography of the population (Angulo et al., 2018).
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